Sunday, September 15, 2019

Genetically engineered honeybees: Not the dumbest idea ever, but close to it

In the wake of widespread declines in bee populations, farmers and beekeepers are wondering who exactly is going to pollinate that third of the world's food crops which require pollination. The declines have been attributed to pesticides, parasites and climate change.

In Europe one response has been to phase out a class of pesticides called neonicotinoids. The phase-out has coincided with a revival of bee populations. But pesticides are clearly not the only factor affecting bee health.

Another response has been to consider building a better bee. Enter the geneticists. Why not genetically engineer honeybees to resist those things which are undermining their health?

That seems a little like suggesting that we take carbon out of the atmosphere to address climate change without doing anything about the carbon we are putting into the atmosphere.

Moreover, the original idea behind the genetic engineering of bees is the same as that behind plants and even humans: One gene equals one trait. It turns out there are three problems with this idea. First, genes are multitaskers in honey bees (and in humans, too). That means genes can make more than one kind of protein which means that the idea that one gene always equals one trait has long since been disproved. Second, gene expression depends on a number of epigenetic factors, that is, factors that occur during the development of the organism. Third, the term "trait" has the problem that all words have. It's ambiguous. (And, if you tell me "trait" has a very precise definition in genetics, then you will almost certainly use words to convey that definition.)

The world of the bee, or any living creature for that matter, is seamless. There are no gaps in the bee that divide it into "traits." "Traits" are a human invention. Beyond this, there are no gaps between the bee and its environment. The bee and its environment are not separable. No geneticist can possibly model the bee and its environment under all possible circumstances in all possible places—nor discover in advance the effects that engineering one "trait" will have on all the others. The  intended effects (and unintended effects) of genetic engineering cannot be forecast with any accuracy for the bee and the entirety of its environment (which, of course, is our environment, too). As Garrett Hardin, the author of the first law of ecology, reminds us, "we can never merely do one thing."

The bees we have in the wild today are the products of billions perhaps trillions of iterations, some done in cooperation with beekeepers—but none done with genetic splicing techniques. One experiment in crossbreeding European honeybees with aggressive African honeybees (killer bees) went awry when the crossbreeds left the lab and then became the dominant species moving all the way from South America to the U.S. border by 1985 where they have been slowly spreading northward. This is all the more reason to keep breeding close to home.

Moreover, the genetic engineering of bees would privatize the process of pollination itself, enclosing yet one more piece of the agricultural commons for giant agribusinesses—and holding us hostage to their monopolistic practices if, as seems likely, the privatized engineered bees drive the "less fit" regular bees out of existence.

The final disaster in such a sequence would be the weaponization of genetically engineered bees to carry plant viruses that kill an enemy's crops. But science fiction turned out to be science fact when it was revealed that the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is working on insects that "carry immune-boosting mutations designed to protect crops from drought, flooding, pathogens and bioweapons." But, of course, this military agency would never dream of using such technology as a weapon, would it?

Unfortunately, it's actually easy to imagine dumber ideas than genetically engineered honeybees. But that's because these days there is a lot of competition for dumbest idea ever. If you are a regular reader, you already have my list of really dumb ideas. Clean coal comes to mind as does synthetic biology. Now you can add genetically engineered honeybees.

Kurt Cobb is a freelance writer and communications consultant who writes frequently about energy and environment. His work has appeared in The Christian Science Monitor, Resilience, Common Dreams, Le Monde Diplomatique, Oilprice.com, OilVoice, TalkMarkets, Investing.com, Business Insider and many other places. He is the author of an oil-themed novel entitled Prelude and has a widely followed blog called Resource Insights. He is currently a fellow of the Arthur Morgan Institute for Community Solutions. He can be contacted at kurtcobb2001@yahoo.com.

2 comments:

Diaconu Radu Ionut said...

Jesus...
I am a avid runner. I mean, I run a lot. 1000 km this year and counting. Trail running, to be exact.
I run pretty much the same paths every month. Since last year however things went from bad to worse.
When I was grouping up in Romania back in the 80's insects were plenty. Now, not so much.
This year it was the first year without getting flies in my face running or swallowing them - nasty, I know.
Right now, there should be an autumn here and insects to still flourish. But temperatures are still soaring and insects are sparse.
In the evening and night I used to hear crickets; not anymore.
Birds population is low, but that is the effect of drought; birds moved to nearby rivers and lakes, since there is only but dryness in the fields and forests, but rest assure, there are not in numbers what there is used to be 30-40 years ago.
The only regular presence are foxes; just bumped into a cub the other day. But the foxes are not eating from the field, hunting, since there are no rabbits - decimated by hunters, poachers and stray and feral dogs - are birds like quail; the foxes survive by poaching chickens from nearby villages.
Mother nature is suffering badly and , instead of stopping ourselfs from doing it, we increase the pain?

Don19 said...

You're right about the flies- my fly zapper is usually full of them but just a handful this year- very odd