The trouble with copper tariffs

The mainstream news media has already figured out that the Trump administration's proposed tariffs on imported copper of 50 percent would dramatically hike copper prices for American industry and raise the price of products containing copper for consumers, which is just about everything electrical. The reason is simple; The United States is a net importer of 45 percent of its copper needs according the U.S. Geological Survey.

All right, you may say, so there will be some short-term pain until the United States develops enough new copper mining and refining capacity to be self-sufficient. First, it's not easy to build such capacity. New mines can take years to build, assuming you already know where the copper is. As for copper refining, few people want such facilities near them so half the challenge is quelling the opposition to any new refining operations. They also take years to build.

Now nobody is going to spend money building new copper mines and refining facilities unless there is a guarantee that the price of copper will stay sufficiently elevated to justify such investments. Even if the proposed tariffs on imported copper were to go into effect, there can be no guarantee that they would be maintained for the couple of decades that investors need for such long-term investments to pay off.

Denmark takes first step toward owning your own information

Denmark has decided to take the first step toward protecting Danes' personal information by giving them ownership rights to their own image and voice. The Danish culture minister told The Guardian: “In the bill we agree and are sending an unequivocal message that everybody has the right to their own body, their own voice and their own facial features, which is apparently not how the current law is protecting people against generative AI.” The purpose is to prevent "deep fakes" of an individual and to force such "deep fakes" to be taken down when an individual requests it. Under the law those violating it may have to pay compensation.

I have previously floated the idea of a constitutional amendment that gives all persons ownership of their information. How far that should extend is open to discussion. But it really ought to extend, for example, to the photos many people are taking over this holiday weekend in the United States at family gatherings.

However, the minute those photos are posted, the owner immediately loses control of them, either through the sweeps of artificial intelligence (AI) bots hoovering up everything on the internet or through websites where the photos are posted. These websites may have user agreements that give those websites certain rights to your pictures.

Bismuth: Another critical metal gets squeezed

Unless you are a hobbyist or technician who solders things on a regular basis, your only acquaintance with the metallic element bismuth is probably through Pepto Bismol, the main ingredient of which is bismuth subsalicylate, a pinkish substance sold, not surprisingly, under the name of pink bismuth.

The fact that you can ingest pink bismuth and it will soothe your stomach should tell you something about its toxicity; it's quite low. And, that's why bismuth is  favored over lead for soldering. It is now widely used for soldering of circuit boards and other electronic equipment, lens production for high precision equipment, alloys with low melting points (for example, in automatic sprinklers to activate them when fire breaks out) and, of course, pharmaceuticals.

All of those products are at risk as supplies of bismuth have dwindled. Those of you who read my pieces regularly can almost surely guess who is holding those supplies back. It's China. Bismuth is one of five metals on which China placed strict export limits back in February. Now those restrictions are beginning to bite.

The turbulent globe: Resources and climate change in the background

It should come as no surprise that the two major conflicts raging in the world today involve large energy producers and exporters, namely, Iran and Russia. Energy resources, especially fossil fuels, attract conflicts because they are so unevenly distributed in the world and because despite this, everyone needs those resources. The simple fact is that nothing gets done without energy and fossil fuels are still the dominate fuels in the world.

But it's not just energy, of course, which invites conflict. Water resources are becoming increasingly a focal point of contention. The Pacific Institute, which provides comprehensive data on the world's water resources, also keeps a database of conflict involving water and lists 785 conflicts worldwide since 2020.

While I do not deny that there are other reasons for the conflicts we are seeing—ethnic, religious, geostrategic, domestic politics, even personal—the fight over stuff is always under the surface, especially in a world which is fast depleting its finite stores of nonrenewable energy and minerals. How fast? Two examples will give you a taste.  Through 2021 half of all the oil consumed in the modern oil age since 1859 was consumed from 1998 through that year.  Through 2018 half of all the copper ever mined was mined from the year 2000 through that year. The expectation that we can keep doubling production for many mineral resources from here in ever shorter time frames does not seem credible.

No safety net: Insurance starts to go away

Ever since the words "insurance premium" began appearing on contracts in the Republic of Venice in 1255, modern global trade and now our broader society depend on insurance to mitigate risk of loss to enterprises and individuals for their business and personal property.

But as insurers retreat from areas made too risky for them by wildfires, hurricanes and floods supercharged by climate change, it becomes difficult to build new dwellings or continue operating businesses in disaster-prone areas.

A recent report complied by Deep Sky, a carbon removal company, illustrates just how bad things are getting in California. The key findings:

• Home insurance premiums have shot up 42% in the most fire prone areas of California [since 2009].


• One in five homes in extreme fire risk areas of California has lost coverage since 2019.


• Spring fire risk in the US Southwest and Northern Mexico has reached a ten-year record.

Trade war vise grip: China is squeezing rare earth supply and it's hurting

China is proving to be a more difficult adversary in the trade war launched by the Trump administration than previously imagined as it squeezes the world's rare earth elements (REEs) supply. I warned in early March that China had critical non-tariff weapons to bring to bear and that using them might turn out to be very painful for a world dependent on China's rare earth metal production. China currently controls 69 percent of the REEs mine production and almost 90 percent of the processing of these elements.

Why is this important? As I pointed out in my previous piece:

REEs are a group of metals, often found in deposits together, that are critical for modern electronics (such as computer hard disks, smartphones, and cameras); strong magnets used in hybrid cars and wind turbines; X-ray and MRI scanning equipment; aircraft engines; and crude oil refining. This is just a partial list. There are no viable substitutes for these metals available at any scale that would be meaningful.

When the Trump administration imposed tariffs on Chinese goods that reached 145 percent, the Chinese responded with their own tariffs on American goods of 125 percent. Those have since been dropped considerably to 30 percent for Chinese imports into the United States and 10 percent for American goods coming into China.

Taking a break - no post this week

I am taking a break this week and plan to post again on Sunday, June 8.

The lure of convenience: Why a national digital ID system is a really, really bad idea

We live in an age of convenience. Anything that makes our complicated lives less complicated and less difficult to navigate seems like a boon. And in the digital age—which allows us access to so much information anywhere, anytime—the lure of convenient access is very strong.

On the surface it seems sensible, for instance, to make it possible to log in to just one account for all our government services and interactions instead of having to use separate apps or an account for each service or department. And this would make sense if not for the immense dangers of concentrating such information and therefore making it an irresistible target for hackers. It's also worth considering who might be among those hackers, for example, unfriendly nations and their militaries.

But that is what the British government is proposing for the British public through the government's digital governance initiatives. You probably don't need a long litany of data breaches including those involving governments to confirm your fears. But this article describes recent ones in Britain in the context of the government's determination to roll out a national digital ID system.

Infrastructure failure in America: Will we find a fix before the unimaginable happens?

Recent events in America's air transport system suggest that the system is becoming more prone to dangerous failures. Those failures include a January 29 mid-air collision between an Army helicopter and a passenger jet Washington, D.C.’s Ronald Reagan National Airport; a harrowing near miss between a landing passenger aircraft and an unauthorized business jet crossing the runway; a plane taxiing to the gate in Denver when an engine caught fire leading to the evacuation of all passengers, all of whom survived; and a blackout of air traffic controllers' screens for 60 to 90 seconds at Newark Liberty International Airport.

The Associated Press compiled a list of recent incidents which can be found here.

No doubt problems have been brewing for some time in our air transport system. While most of the focus is on the air traffic control system, the aging system run by the Federal Aviation Administration, it is probably important to look at America's overall aviation infrastructure which this year received a grade of D+ in the "2025 Report Card from America's Infrastructure" from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).

"Better" AI has more "hallucinations"

Imagine you are a doctor with a patient whose hallucinations keep increasing. Of course, you might try to figure out how to stabilize the patient if possible so the hallucinations stop increasing in number. And you might be furiously trying to figure out the cause of these hallucinations so that you might reduce or eliminate them. One thing you almost certainly would NOT do is suggest that other people rely on your patient as a source of information.

And yet, that is precisely what developers of a "better" version of artificial intelligence (AI) are telling us to do. According to the linked article, "On one test, the hallucination rates of newer A.I. systems were as high as 79 percent." Contemplate that for a minute when you ask AI for help in answering a question.

Executives in the industry now admit that AI hallucinations—that is, information provided by AI tools that is just made up—will always be part of AI. The reason: AI tools use mathematical probabilities to construct responses. They cannot and will not ever have access to lived human experience and the judgement that results from that experience.

As the linked piece explains:

Another issue is that reasoning models are designed to spend time “thinking” through complex problems before settling on an answer. As they try to tackle a problem step by step, they run the risk of hallucinating at each step. The errors can compound as they spend more time thinking.